Wire Rope Slings

SWR specialise in the manufacture of wire rope slings in all constructions for many applications. We have equipment in house to enable us to press up to 36mm diameter wire rope. All slings are produced using general engineering wire ropes manufactured to BS EN 12385 – 4 and working loads should conform to BS EN 13414-1: 2003.

Typical Sling arrangements –

(WLL = Working Load Limit)

Cradle Sling

Lifting coils, steel strip, etc.

Basket Hitch SWL = 1.4 x WLL of sling

Protect Rope from sharp corners.

Cradle Slings

Lifting boilers and packaging cases, etc.

Double Basket Hitch SWL = 2.1 x WLL of sling.

Halshing Slings

Method using a single sling in place of an endless sling where a ‘bight’ is required. A stirrup fitted temporarily in the bight will minimise damage to the sling.

Double and Choked. SWL = 1.6 x WLL of sling.

Double Wrap Slings

Note how the double wrap grips the load and helps to prevent it from slipping sideways out of the slings.

Double Wrap Basket Hitch SWL = 2.1 x WLL of sling.

Combination Slings

Timber steel sheets and packing cases, etc.

N.B. Maximum angle between legs is 90º

Reeving Slings

Lifting tubes, bars and rods, etc.

Double Choke Hitch SWL = 1.1 x WLL of sling.

SWR Lifting Gear

Stainless Steel Components

Working load limits for slings using Fibre Core rope of classes 6x19 and 6x36, and having ferrule-secured eye
terminations.

Morring rope operational cost

Operational costs are always an important issue in mooring operations and have become even more of a focus recently due to the economic downturn.

In some instances, the initial reaction is to look for more cheaply priced products, but that is not always the best solution.

Thousand Cycle Load Level (TCLL) values for mooring ropes have been introduced as a benchmark by OCIMF and Rotterdam based rope supplier “Lankhorst Ropes” measures its ropes in this way. The higher the % of TCLL value, the better its fatigue resistance and the longer the rope will last. New ropes are strong. The question is how much strength remains after a thousand cycles?

Elasticity is useful but can also be hazardous. Operators should make sure that all the ropes employed have similar elongation properties to ensure a balanced mooring system. Otherwise the ropes with the lowest elongation will be taking the majority of the loads.

A non-load bearing jacket, made from highly abrasion resistance materials such as Tipto yarns, will significantly increase the lifetime of ropes. Abrasion will always occur but as long as this happens to the jacket and not the load bearing core of the rope, then the rope will retain a much higher strength. These ropes can be designed in such a way as not to increase the overall diameter of the rope. Safety factor is the responsibility of the user and should account for the type of application and the peak loads and stresses the rope will encounter. Visual inspection of the ropes on a regular basis and routine repairs when necessary will significantly increase the lifetime of the ropes. Lankhorst provide training in how to make repairs and also supply repair kits with the necessary materials.

Tipto Winchline®, a brand name of Lankhorst Ropes, installed on a winch of NCL’s Pride of America. A non-load bearing jacket, made from highly abrasion resistance materials such as Tipto yarns, will significantly increase the lifetime of ropes.

By testing old ropes, valuable information can be gained over time to make more informed decisions on when a rope should be retired, helping to maintain cost effective replacement programmes and adding to the safety management. Crews and inspectors will appreciate the quality management of the mooring system.

More durable products will result in operational savings. What really matters is the overall cost of ownership. High performance Lankhorst ropes can provide this by boosting longevity with better resistance to external and internal abrasion of ropes.

Other factors are lower administration costs in less freque nt ordering, less costly downtime in changing old rope for new ropes, and lighter ropes for easier handling and faster mooring or connection processes.

Rope Socket

There are many types of rope socket in most common use: Knot type, teardrop type and braided type. The rope_socket is required to make connection between wireline and toolstring. The basic toolstring components are rope_ socket, knuckle joint, stem, mechanical jars, etc.

The teardrop (also called a 'no-knot' or 'wedge' type) is designed for 0.092", 0.105", 0.108", 0.125" and is designed O.D for 1-1/4", 1-1/2", 1-7/8", 2-1/8", 2-1/2".

The standard body of teardrop has an internal taper to accept the thimble. However a thimble eye is available to convert the older style of rope socket.

The end of the wire is bent to fit the curve at the bottom of the teardrop, with the short side slightly shorter than the side of the thimble.

The groove in the thimble of this socket is not deep enough to accommodate the total thickness of the wireline. As the security of the wirelne depends upon its being pinched between the thimble and it body. Care must be taken to ensure the correct size of socket is selected for the wireline in use.

As the internal components of the teardrop rope socket do not permit the wire to rotate, it is essential to include a swivel immediately below it.

Do not substitute a knuckle joint in place of a swivel. A swivel has 11/2 degrees to 5 degrees of lateral movement, where a knuckle joint is not designed to rotate

under load and has 15 degrees of lateral movement. In the event of it being necessary to fish the rope socket, a knuckle joint will allow it to lay over against the side of the tubing wall at an angle which may make latching difficult / impossible.

Fall Protection - Comparing the Most Common Systems

Many manufacturing companies use fall protection systems that pass OSHA standards to protect their workers on the job. However, despite developments in the fall protection industry that have created new systems that meet and exceed OSHA standards, many companies continue to use wire ropes that can seem outdated. This article examines a variety of leading fall protection systems and their pros and cons.

When an individual is considering making an investment for their company in a fall protection system, there are many reasons why they consider wire rope systems. For one, they are OSHA approved. In addition, wire rope systems (WRS) have been in place for years and are typically effective at providing adequate protection for workers.

However, WRS can not prevent a worker from falling at least several feet. On a wire rope system that is 40 feet in length, workers can fall as far as 8 feet before coming to a stop. For workers on a tanker truck or rail car, the chance of injury to the head or body during a fall of 8 feet with metal outcroppings, ladders, or even the ground is very high.

In addition to increased risk of safety, many companies have the misconception that wire rope systems are less expensive than other options. Because wire rope systems are the industry standard, why pay more? When a cost analysis of wire rope systems is completed, however, most companies will see that once you pay for the shock absorber and rope trolley, the cost of track systems are very similar.

Two tracks system that are a popular alternative to wire rope systems are called I-Beam Systems and Rigid Track Systems. I-Beam Systems are rigid and horizontal in design, making them safer than wire rope systems. However, their design makes worker movement more difficult and cumbersome. The installation of I-Beam Systems also demands more trusses and creates the need for large foundations, which can be more costly.

For companies in four-season climates, the elements can play a major role in the inefficiency of I-Beam Systems. Any climate that sees snow and ice can find their I-Beam Systems rendered completely useless because the trolley on an I-Beam cannot move through the elements. Companies that require a fall protection system in "dirty jobs" will also find I-Beam systems to require a lot of track cleaning in order to keep the trolley mobile, leading to an increase in worker downtime.

By comparison to wire rope systems and I-Beam systems, Rigid Track fall protection systems seem to be the best bet for promoting worker safety and efficiency. Rigid Track systems have an enclosed track that eliminate the potential hazard of the elements. From a cost perspective, Rigid Track systems are also competitively priced with wire rope systems and do not require the thousands of dollars in engineering inspection and reinforcement.

From a safety standpoint, Rigid Track fall protection systems seem to be the safest option for workers in a variety of industries. While wire rope systems allow workers to fall as much as 8 feet before providing "protection," the rigid beam on a horizontal track system protects workers from a fall as soon as their hoist locks - there is no additional fall.

There are many options to consider for fall protection systems, but only one choice seems to be best for worker safety, worker efficiency, and cost benefits. Rigid Track systems are created using industry-leading engineering, and seem to provide the best fall protection on the market today. Consider horizontal fall protection for your workstations the next time you're in the market for improved fall protection.

Tower Cranes Makes An Impossible Task Possible

The tower crane surpasses any other cranes in terms of versatility and utility. It comes with ideal lifting technology for any civil engineering task. These highly adaptable cranes have proved their worth both in the construction of residential buildings and on large scale industrial projects all over the world. This versatile equipment rise hundreds of feet into the air and can reach out just as far.

This high utility equipment is used to lift steel, concrete, large tools like acetylene torches and generators and a wide variety of other building materials. A tower crane has a following features and specifications:

1. Maximum lifting power- 19.8 tons(18 metric tons), 300 tonne- meters (metric ton= tonne)

2. Maximum reach- 230 feet (70 mts)

3. Counterweights- 20 tons (16.3 metric tons)

4. Maximum unsupported height: 265 feet 80 (meters)

For any crane to lift maximum load the weight has to be positioned close r to the mast and not at the end of the jib.

The tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. They offer a best combination of height and lifting capacity. This crane consists of basic parts as:

1. Base: the base is fixed to the ground that supports the crane.

2. Mast (tower): It is connected to the base and to save space and provide stability this vertical part of the crane is often mounted on large beams braced onto the completed structure. Mast gives height to the crane.

3. Slewing unit: It is attached to the top of the mast. It has gear and motor that allows rotating.

4. Jib: this is mounted on the slewing unit. The jib suspends the load from the trolley. The trolley motor is located on the Jib.

5. Counter Jib: this part is also mounted on the slewing unit. It carries a counter weight of concrete blocks. The hoist motor and transmissions are located on the mechanical desk on the counter Jib.

6. Operator's cabin: It is located at the top of the tower attached to the slewing unit, but can be mounted on the Jib or partway down the tower.

7. Lifting hook: It is operated by using electric motors to manipulate wire rope cables through a system of sheaves.

The operator works in conjunction with signaler to hook and unhook the loads. The large fraction of the tower cranes in the world are in use in Dubai.

There is great demand for this equipment. Some leading manufacturers are:

1. Liebherr: It was established in 1949 by Hans Liebherr. The company flourished with the great success of its first mobile, easy to assemble and affordable tower cranes. The line up includes:

-EC-H Litronic series- It sets new standards in efficiency with innovation and top technology. It offers up to 20% higher load capacity at the touch of a button. This series include 17 models.

-HC series: this includes eight universal cranes from 800 to 5000 mt. they are designed for very high hook heights and very long jibs.

2. Manitowoc Crane Group: they are world leaders in construction crane industry. Potain is a brand that belongs to /Manitowoc, providing tower cranes for the building construction industry. Today Company produces 60 models from manufacturing plants in France, Germany, Italy, Portugal and China. Potain produces three families of tower cranes, the smallest cranes of Potain range are the self- erecting cranes, running from 1,0t to 7, 98 t capacity. Higher and bigger are the top slewing cranes varying from 7,98t to 64t capacity; these are also the largest custom designed special application cranes which reach capacities of 160t.

Tower cranes are made with precision and care for a finished product that stands up to years of use making loading and unloading.

Welding on Mild Steel

Mild steel is defined as any steel that has low carbon in it and about 85% of welding is done using this type of steel. Usually these steels have an AISI series of C-1008 through C-1025. They are the steels that are most often used in construction or industrial fabrication. They are welded through the use of gas, arc or resistance welding.

Mild steels are resilient and they can be bended or twisted or moved into other shapes as they are welded. You can use mild steel sheets or wire to do this type of welding. You can also use it to weld pipes. As an example, you can use mild steel pipes when you want to work within air conditioning or refrigeration. This can also be used for heating when you want a low pressure.

You can also use steel wire or steel sheets to do welding on mild steel. Mild steel can be used in the following types of welding:

Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)-- this is a type of welding that uses a solid electrode wire that is continuously used as a filler metal. It also uses a shielding gas. The wire that is used is mild steel, and it can be a copper color to protect it from rusting. This will also improve the way that it conducts electricity.

Flux-Cored Arc-Welding -- this type of welding uses a wire that is covered with flux so that it will automatically give you the shielding gas. This is the favored way of doing welding on mild steels in an outdoor environment.

MIG Welding -- this is one of the easier forms of welding and is also a good idea for welding on mild steel in an indoor environment. It is one of the first types of welding that beginners learn how to do and it is a bit more flexible than other types of welding. You can also use it to weld other materials like aluminum, nickel or stainless steel.

There are advantages and disadvantages of welding many different types of wire and it is important to know what you want to do before you start. Here are a few tips as you decide to work with welding on mild steel:

Before you start working with mild steel make sure you clean the surface first. Make sure the clamp that you have on the work is tight so that it is a solid connection for the electricity to flow through it. You will also want to make sure that your steel is free of rust , paint or any other debris. Paint or rust will insulate your steel and you won't get the solid connection.

Many people forget that the welder should be put on a different circuit breaker than other things you are doing, especially when you are working at home. The reason to do this is because you are working with higher heat and it needs more power.

Make sure that the two pieces you want to weld are flush with each other or at lest have a solid joining to prevent any problems with the weld.

Crash Barriers - Making Road Travel Safer For You

Crash barriers keep the vehicles from going off the road and steer them safely back on to the road. It wouldn't be an exaggeration to say that their very presence can boost the confidence of a jittery driver on a mountain road.

Crash barriers can be classified on the basis of their design and implementation. Guardrail, wire rope safety barrier, crash cushions and high containment barrier are a few that can be seen on roadways. All the crash barriers work on a similar principle, they are designed to absorb the impact of the vehicle going off track and hence help it get on to the road again without letting it lose its balance.

At times, the crash barrier to be used on a roadway is determined by the kind of vehicle traffic the roadway gets. For example high containment barriers are put up on the roadways with a large traffic volume of heavy vehicles. Then, crash cushion is specifically designed to protect motorists from impacting the end of concrete barriers and toll plazas. Guardrail is the most commonly seen crash barrier but has a history of highest injury and fatality in a fixed object crash. This is where wire rope safety barrier scores over guard rail as it consists of wire ropes and is flexible.

Though the crash barriers prevent several accidents everyday, they sure don't prevent all of them. There have been incidences of fatalities, which were mainly attributed to the design and material of the crash barriers. Most of the roadways get all types of automobiles and therefore it becomes difficult to decide on the height and strength of the crash barrier. For, a motorbike can slip under the barrier that's meant to keep a car from going off track, while a big truck may trip well over the same barrier.

As a step towards ensuring safe road travel, road safety products are first tested and then put up on roadways. The crash barriers are tested in accordance with the guidelines mentioned in National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 350, "Recommended Procedures for the Safety Performance Evaluation of Highway Features".

These guidelines are based on the findings of continuous road safety researches and are subject to revision.

Rope for safety driving

Roads with no safety measures are prone to accidents that might cause fatal blows to those driving. Road safety products are vital to put-off the accidents that can wrap oneself in the lap of death. With the fast-changing technologies, we are seeing some innovative and high quality Armco products that have been designed to dole out fun and a sense of security while driving on busy roads, especially on highways.

The products that are enormously bringing safety and security on roads include guardrail (Armco), wire rope safety barrier, crash cushions and guardrail terminal. Some other road safety products viz. steel buffas, workzone barriers, pedestrian fencing and motorcyclist barriers also bring effect of safety on roads. These road safety products are put to roads after getting through rigorous crash testing to fetch optimum desired results. These testing make sure that the users get well-equipped by way of the highest standard of safety barrier systems on road. Besides being put to be used on various road ways, the Armco products are also extensively employed in the world standard sports racing events.

The Formula one race is held on the track with the ideal Armco products to stave-off dangers that might come to haunt the participants and spectators. Guardrail also features among the road safety products and produced with the top-quality steel and other materials. Guardrail boasts of extremely high resistance to impact and puts off hazardous pocketing. At the same time, their use lessens the ride down acceleration sensed by the vehicle and its users.

The Armco products contribute heavily to accident free roads as guardrail leads the pack with a bang. Guardrail sports high visibility that brings added confidence to the driver driving with speed. At night or while driving under smoggy conditions with reducing lights of surroundings, the first-rate visibility of guardrail brings forth essence of safe travel in a true way and lessens dangerous centre line crowding.

Armco products are specifically designed to put drivers amid the safest possible condition. Guardrail goes one step ahead in doing so and brings the maximum road safety with the help of the perfect designing. Guardrail acts amazingly well by reducing wheel snagging and the far-reaching effects of vaulting or rollover. The perfect designing of guardrail makes them the most fitting option for raised medians and gutters. Thus, we see that Armco saves life from getting stuck into any unwanted happenings on the roads.

With technology extending its help to avert the unfortunate, it is only wise to go for the appropriate road safety products on our roads and gain sense of security with speed.

Safety First With Lifting Slings

Personnel safety is priority one when it comes to lifting and moving heavy equipment and parts. OSHA reports that, "slings are the most commonly used materials handling apparatus," and "the mishandling of materials is the single largest cause of accidents and injuries in the workplace." [1] Whenever heavy lifting takes place, precautions must be taken to avoid the risk of accidents. Nylon, chain and wire rope slings are the most common slings, and a basic understanding of their qualities, techniques and common uses will help prevent accidents or injuries.

Nylon Sling Qualities

Nylon slings provide great strength combined with elasticity. Under a heavy load, nylon slings will absorb shock and return to their original shape after release. This combination of stretch and strength is beneficial for repeated lifting situations and tie-downs.

Should your job involve moisture or chemical exposure (alkalis not acids), nylon will not rot or deteriorate, even under repeated contact or long-term storage. Being impervious to UV light, nylon slings are safely used indoors or outdoors, in rain or shine and can withstand temperatures up to 180°F. [2]

Other benefits of nylon slings are their light weight and smooth surface. Rigging situations themselves may involve heavy and cumbersome preparation. The light weight of nylon slings make adjustments, transportation and storage of rigging equipment a simple. Certain loads may be scratched or damaged by chain or wire slings, but nylon slings have no undesired effects on the load itself. The flexibility of nylon gives these slings many advantages over chains or wires which are rigid and may kink when bent at sharp angles.

Extra features are built into the nylon slings themselves for enhanced safety and performance. As the nylon sling wears over time, red indicator yarns at the core of the sling will warn the user of any cuts or damage. Chemical compounds are also infused into these slings to seal out dirt and foreign particles enhancing the sling's grip. Any signs of scorching, cuts or wear should caution the user of potential dangers.

Chain Slings

Chain slings are made of an alloy steel and provide a powerful lifting option. Unlike nylon slings, chain slings have no shock absorbancy and can snap. These slings should be inspected for nicks, gouges, stretching or other signs of wear before being used. [3] Different metal endings can be fixed to chain slings allowing for a variety of hitching options. Because of the rough metallic surface, chain slings should not be used for basket or choker hitches with a delicate or aesthetic load. Any situation which might cause abrasion or crush the sling itself should be prevented as this may compromise the integrity of the sling.

The properties in a chain sling allow it to lift loads of 1000° F or repeatedly lift loads of 600° F according to manufacturers specifications. [4] Chain slings are also impervious to any UV damage making it safe to consistently use in the outdoors.

Wire Rope Slings

Wire rope slings are made from twisting wire fibers over a core of fiber (flexible but susceptible to damage) or wire (less flexible but resistant to damage). Because of the intricate nature of these slings, they are susceptible to fatigue from repeated bending, abrasion or abuse. Any fraying, cuts, or unwinding should be recognized as signs of this fatigue. Wire rope slings should not be exposed to moist working conditions as they may rust and corrode. During storage these slings should be kept in ventilated areas and off of the floor. Wire rope slings are lubricated when manufactured but should also be lubricated at the worksite. The frequency and thoroughness of lubrication varies and depends upon the weight of the load and bending imposed on the sling. OSHA advises that less flexible ropes, such as wire rope, should be used when a load needs to be "moved through or over abrasive materials." [5]

Sling Hitches

Heavy lifting situations rely primarily upon the quality of the sling material itself. Even with a superior nylon sling, poor sling techniques can cause damage to the loads or cause accidents. Because of the various demands of rigging situations, different hitching and lifting techniques have been developed.

The vertical hitch is the simplest lifting technique. What tow-lines are to pulling, vertical hitches are to lifting. Vertical hitches may use any of the endless, eye and eye, or triangle endings. One end of the line is attached to the load via hook or link and the other end is attached to the lifting rig (e.g. crane). In this simple rigging, the one vertical line bears the entire weight of the load making the strength of the line an important factor.

Bridal hitches are formed with two to four separate lines. While it should never be assumed, this option allows for even distribution of weight and strength with careful analysis and application. The angle of the sling in respect to its load becomes important with any non-vertical rig. Because "the load stress on each leg increases as the angle

decreases," [6] rigging lines should rarely dive below 30°. At this angle each line will bear the full weight of the load itself. Any non-vertical hitch should at least maintain a 45° angle.

Basket hitches are a single continuous sling which is wrapped around a load. This option requires attention to the angles of the line. As with other hitches, sling strength is the greatest when at a 90° angle and has decreasing strength with a decreasing angle. To provide greater stability, two slings can be used to form a double basket hitch. Double basket hitches should be kept at angles greater than 60° to prevent slippage. When security of the load is needed, the sling(s) can be wrapped around the object(s) twice.

A choker hitch is made by wrapping the sling around the load and re-attaching the end of the sling to the line itself. This hitch allows for multiple slings for stability and/or double wrapping for security. This hitch is commonly applied with cranes and allows for a single weight-bearing line. As with other hitches, twist in the line can cause the load to rotate. Nylon slings with certain endings can prevent this potential hazard.

The use of slings is not restricted to lifting heavy loads. Many jobs require objects to be securely tied down and slings provide excellent tie-down abilities. Nylon and chain slings are commonly used to tie down loads on trucks, boats and pallets. When fixed with a ratchet, the tightness of the nylon sling can be adjusted to provide heightened security. The environmental endurance, inherent strength, smooth surface and elastic properties make nylon slings the preferred choice not only for heavy lifting, but also for tie-downs. Chain slings provide a strong option that will not stretch when strained and that is also resistant to UV light and moisture.

Remember, equipment and parts can be replaced, workers cannot. Always err on the side of caution!

Structural steel detailing

Simply put, structural steel detailing involves the creation of detailed drawings for steel fabricators and erectors, including estimates, plans, drawings, reports and other essential documents for the manufacture and erection of steel members. It includes a variety of steel members like steel beams, trusses, columns, braces, joists, metal decking, handrails and even stairs. The list goes on.

As it is, structural steel detailing is very important in a wide range of manufacturing and construction businesses like naval and marine, shipbuilding, plants, building construction and other similar structures. Anything that is big enough to require structural steel will also require detailing work. Further, it combines the inputs of different professionals like engineers, contractors, and fabricators. Because detailers are not the ones responsible for the integrity or design of steel members, structural engineers as well as architects would have to review any detailing work before it is release.

Structural steel detailing usually belongs under two types of drawings: shop drawings and erection drawings. Erection drawings help show its users the correct way and site of placing fabricated steel members. These often include detailed information and specifications on all processes involved like bolting, welding or putting in wedge anchors.

Shop drawings, on the other hand, are utilized to pinpoint the requirements for fabricating each steel member and are primarily used by steel fabricators to make these members. Detailing work shows specifications, required materials, dimensions, sizes and other relevant information.

Structural steel detailing needs to be accurate and correct. It has to comply with protocols and standards made by various institutions like the American Institute of Steel Construction. More often than not, it is created with computers, using computer aided design or drafting applications like AutoCAD. Nowadays, you can also use 3D modeling on these drawings.

Structural steel detailing is one very complex but very important process. A detailer should have all the skills necessary to create the drawings, from logic, to drafting, to geometry, to reasoning, to visualization, as well as great communication skills to pull it off on time and with great accuracy. You would also need general engineering knowledge as well as working knowledge on steel fabrication. In the United States, most detailers are self taught, or have only a general certification program that touches on CAD operation. There are also only a handful of colleges that offer degree programs in the discipline of structural steel detailing. Because of these, it is very difficult to maintain a productive and inexpensive staff that can handle detailing work around the clock. There are, however, a lot of companies that offer expert structural steel detailing work that are both inexpensive and reliable.

Wirerope history

History and materials

Modern wire rope was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal, Lower Saxony, Germany. It was quickly accepted because it proved superior to ropes made of hemp or to metal chains, such as had been used before.

Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of wires twisted about a hemp rope core, six such strands then being twisted around another hemp rope core in alternating directions for extra stability. Earlier forms of wire rope had been made by covering a bundle of wires with hemp.

In America wire rope was later manufactured by John A. Roebling, forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope.

Manufacturing a wire rope is similar to making one from natural fibres. The individual wires are first twisted into a strand, then six or so such strands again twisted around a core. This core may consist of steel, but also of natural fibres such as sisal, manila, henequen, jute, or hemp. This is used to cushion off stress forces when bending the rope.

This flexibility is particularly vital in ropes used in machinery such as cranes or elevators as well as ropes used in transportation modes such as cable cars, cable railways, funiculars and aerial lifts. It is not quite so essential in suspension bridges and similar uses.

Wire rope is often sold with vinyl and nylon coatings. This increases weather resistance and overall durability, however it can lead to weak joints if the coating is not removed correctly underneath joints and connections.

Various steel wire

Low Carbon Steel Wire

Everbright Industrial Wire Manufactory can supply steel wire of high carbon, medium carbon and low carbon to meet the different application requirements. Finishes: Carbon steel wire can be electro galvanized or hot-dipped zinc coated into galvanized wire, or to be annealed into soft annealed wire. Supply forms can be coiled, spooled and cut wire. Applications: For weaving of meshes, making of nails and ropes, also binding in construction. Galvanized Steel Wire General Introduction: Galvanized steel wire is made of carbon steel zinc plated. The zinc coating offers corrosion resistance, allowing vary varied use for weaving of galvanized wire mesh, galvanized hardware cloth, welded iron wire mesh, chicken netting, etc. Application: Galvanized steel wire with hot-dipped zinc coating is used in the following fields: Spring Steel Wire General Introduction: Spring steel wires can be oil hardened and tampered spring steel wire, bright spring steel wire and carbon spring steel wires. Wire Materials: Steel 65MN, 60Si2MnA, 55CrSi, 50CrV, T2B. Wire Diameter: 4.0 - 17.0mm. Application: For car suspending spring, motorcycle vibration reducing spring, engine door spring and high strength, high flexibility and high weary life spring.

Crude steel hit the roof

China Iron and Steel Association showed daily production was running at an all time peak of 1.67 million tonnes in the first 10 days of the month.

According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the figure is nearly 10% higher than CISA's figure for daily production in early July and 2% higher than the daily average for all of July when output reached a record 50.68 million tonnes.

If the same rate continues throughout August, the full month could show steel output of 52 million tonnes in August up by 22% from a year before

The early August figure equates to an annualized production rate of nearly 610 million tonnes, more than 20% above actual production of 500 million tonnes in 2008.

Mr Henry Liu Shanghai based Macquarie Bank analyst said "August crude steel output will surely hit a record, but the production rate could retreat a little in middle and late August because of slipping steel prices. But other analysts see continued high production rates at China's blast furnaces. That could help revive iron ore prices, which fell after benchmark spot steel prices plunged in the last two weeks having hit a 10 month high in early August.”

Mr Hu Kai analyst at Umetal a consultancy said "Iron ore prices could rebound from the recent correction in September. Major steel mills have set up high prices for September and there are no signs of a production slowdown, so demand is always there."